Crime Data Comparison Paper - 813 Words

CRIME DATA COMPARISON PAPER –Murder Rate According to the FBI Unified Crime Report for 2009, there were 385 murders in that year. The total population for Detroit in 2009 was just over 951,000. (The Neighborhood Scout, 2009) In Minneapolis, a city with about one-half the population of Detroit, the number of murders was 47. Not only is the population less than Detroit, the murder rate 6 times lower than Detroit. Here you can see that population seems to play a role in the amount of murders for these metropolitan areas. The area that had the most reported incidents of murder was Detroit. Minneapolis has shown that they have seen a 17% decrease in violent crimes over the past 3 years. In the previous year, 2008 Detroit reported the murder†¦show more content†¦Both areas, Detroit and Minneapolis have both adopted this means of correction to deal with the increasing homicide rate. Another factor that plays a huge role in the murder rate is the overall poverty. Detroit’s poverty level is significantly higher than that of Minneapolis. Several added reasons to the rate are those of theft, robbery, and attempts of theft of property. Police chief, Warren Evans suggests that we will not see anymore oversights on the number of the murder rate and next year we should see a more correct and concrete number. He goes on to say that the new correct number may even show an increase to fix the oversight problem. (Oosting, 2009) There is no way to tell whether or not the poverty level is the sole or even major cause of the murder rate. While likely to be a contributing factor, poverty cannot be the entire answer to the issue. Economic trends have shown that the poverty level has not only increased in Detroit, but across our entire nation. Another factor that has been brought up several times is the gun laws and how they contribute to the rates of homicide. I know you’ve heard the old saying, â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people with guns kill people.† This statement has been argued bo th ways and there is no real information to support the claimShow MoreRelatedCrime Data Comparison Paper761 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Crime Data Comparison Paper CJA/314 February 10, 2014 Christopher Byland Abstract This paper will compare burglary crime statistics between two cities for the years 2005 and 2012 using the Federal Bureau of Investigation database the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. This paper will also, discuss which area had more reported incidents, what were the rates of the crime for each area, did the rates changed over time in either area, and what factors mightRead MoreCrime Data Comparison Paper731 Words   |  3 PagesCrime Data Comparison Paper Name CJA/ 314 January, 2014 Dr. Anthony Carbo Abstract In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon. 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Crime Data Comparison As theRead MoreThe International Communication Association For An Academic Readership1652 Words   |  7 PagesKathleen Aday, Sean 2003, ‘Television News and the Cultivation of Fear of Crime’, Journal of communication, vol. 53, pp. 88-104. Topic This paper explores the concept of cultivation theory and the way in which violent programming on television can instil fear and influence perceptions when it comes to experiencing crime in the community. In using research findings to explore their hypothesis, the authors focus on analyzing data which underpins their prediction that television viewers are influencedRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics677 Words   |  3 PagesIndividual Assignment; Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA374 Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes Francisco Jorge Flores Sr. December 3rd, 2012 Mrs. Amy Gordon University of Phoenix Write a 700 to 1,050 word paper summarizing the key points of the â€Å"Juvenile Arrests 2008† article. 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Ben Jerry Case Analysis Free Essays

Strategic Analysis of Ben Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. Can BJ Serve a Double Scoop of Being Green and Making Green? ESM 210 Professor Delmas Final Paper November 21, 2000 Alex Tuttle Vicky Krikelas 1 BEN JERRY’S ICE CREAM Table of Contents INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. MARKET DESCRIPTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Ben Jerry Case Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now . FIRM DESCRIPTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. THE MISSION STATEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1 1 2 GENERAL CORPORATE STRATEGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 STRATEGY ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Five Forces Model of Competition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Key Success Factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 STRATEGIC CONSISTENCIES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 STRATEGIC DISCONNECTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 UNILEVER ACQUISITION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Figures FIGURE 1. FIGURE 2. FIGURE 3. FIGURE 4. FIGURE 5. ANNUAL REVENUES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 ANNUAL RECYCLING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 SWOT ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 KEY FACTORS OF SUCCESS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2 3 INTRODUCTION Ben Jerry’s is an innovative leader in the super premium ice cream industry. The company blends a commitment to provide all natural, high quality ice cream with a commitment towards social activism and environmental responsibility. This report will analyze both the company’s environmental strategy and general corporate strategy in order to identify the consistencies and disparities (if any) between these strategies and to determine whether a â€Å"green† company such as Ben Jerry’s can sustain a competitive advantage. We will also discuss the potential impacts on the company’s strategic vision in light of the recent acquisition by Unilever. Our analysis will focus on examining the strengths and weaknesses of the environmental and general corporate strategies in light of its internal resources and external competitive and non-market forces. MARKET DESCRIPTION Ben Jerry’s operates in the highly competitive super premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet business. Super premium ice cream is generally characterized by a greater richness and density than other kinds of ice cream and commands a relatively higher price. The company’s two primary competitors include Haagen-Dazs (a member of the Ice Cream Partners organization) and Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream Company, which introduced its Godiva and Dreamery super premium ice cream line in the fall of 1999. Other significant competitors include Healthy Choice, Nestle and Starbucks (SEC Report, 1999). FIRM DESCRIPTION Ben Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. the Vermont-based manufacturer of super-premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbet, was founded in 1978 in a renovated gas station in Burlington, Vermont, by childhood friends Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield with a modest $12,000 investment. The company is now a leading ice cream manufacturing company known worldwide for its innovative flavors and all-natural ingredients made from fresh Vermont milk and cream (www. benjerry. com). Manufactur ing of all Ben Jerry’s frozen dessert products occurs in the company’s three plants located in Vermont. The company distributes ice cream, low fat ice cream, frozen yogurt, sorbet and novelty products nationwide as well as in selected foreign countries in supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, franchised Ben Jerry’s scoop shops, restaurants and other venues. Outside of Vermont, the products are distributed primarily through Dreyer’s and other independent regional ice cream distributors. Unilever, a multinational food and personal products company recently acquired Ben Jerry’s in spring 2000. The Ben Jerry’s Board of Directors approved Unilever’s offer of $43. 60 per share for all of the 8. million outstanding shares, valuing the transaction at $326 million (www. lib. benjerry. com, October, 2000). Under the terms of the agreement, Ben Jerry’s will operate separately from Unilever’s current U. S. ice cream business. There will be an independent 4 Board of Directors, which will focus on providing leadership for Ben Jerryâ⠂¬â„¢s social mission and brand integrity. Both co-founders will continue to be involved with Ben Jerry’s, and the company will continue to be Vermont-based. THE MISSION STATEMENT Ben Jerry’s adopted a three-part mission statement formalizing the company’s business philosophy. According to the company’s home page (www. benjerry. com), the mission statement is as follows: Product Mission: to make, distribute and sell the finest quality all-natural ice cream and related products in a wide variety of innovative flavors made from Vermont dairy products. Social Mission: to operate the company in a way that actively recognizes the central role that business plays in the structure of society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life of a broad community: local, national, and international. Economic Mission: to operate the company on a sound financial basis of profitable growth, increasing value to our shareholders and creating career opportunities and financial rewards for our employees. Underlying this mission is the determination to seek innovative ways of addressing all three components, while holding a deep respect for employees and the community at large. GENERAL CORPORATE STRATEGY Ben Jerry’s corporate strategy strives to implement the three integrated missions described above: developing a high-quality product, achieving economic growth and profitability, and incorporating social activism. The general corporate strategy can be characterized as a focused or market niche strategy based primarily on product differentiation and quality production. Although focused differentiation strategies target a narrow buyer segment, this strategy helps Ben Jerry’s gain a strong competitive advantage as it can offer consumers something they perceive is appealingly different from rival competitors—innovative super-premium ice cream flavors that taste better and consist of all natural, high quality ingredients. In addition to differentiating its product from other ice cream competitors, Ben Jerry’s general strategy combines several other key components, including fostering a company image of social activism, creating brand loyalty, franchising the company to aid economic growth, and developing creative advertising campaigns. Product Differentiation One means of gaining a competitive advantage is through the use of a differentiation strategy to provide a better product that buyers believe is worth the premium price (Thompson and Strickland, 1998). Since higher quality ice cream generally costs more than the economy and regular types of ice cream, Ben and Jerry’s has incorporated product differentiation in its general corporate strategy in order to command a higher price. The use of all-natural, high quality 5 ingredients and the innovative flavors of Ben Jerry’s ice cream illustrates the strategic use of product differentiation to gain a competitive advantage in the ice cream market. Quirky flavor names such as Chubby Hubby, Wavy Gravy, Phish Food, and Chunky Monkey also set Ben Jerry’s apart from the traditionally-named ice cream products of rival companies. Furthermore, the use of recycled materials and dioxin-free (unbleached) paper in product packaging contributes to the uniqueness of Ben Jerry’s ice cream and helps keep its costs down. Socially-Conscious Company Image Ben Jerry’s strives to be an independent, socially-conscious Vermont company that supports local dairy farmers. Several examples illustrate how Ben Jerry’s implements this corporate strategy. For instance, the company donates 7. 5% of pretax profits to philanthropic causes through the Ben Jerry’s Foundation, community action teams, and through corporate grants (http://www. hoovers. com). The company also donates free ice cream during public events and community celebrations in the Vermont area, and contributes a percentage of the profits earned from ice cream sold in Vermont retail stores to fund local charities (SEC Report, 1999). Furthermore, the company has ensured the long-term viability of its own key suppliers, the Vermont dairy farmers, by executing a strategic decision to pay more than a specified minimum price for its dairy ingredients (SEC Report, 1999). Brand loyalty Developing brand loyalty is another strategic move to strengthen competitive advantage. Ben Jerry’s has made substantial efforts to gain a favorable reputation and image with buyers through its frequent promotional campaigns (i. e. , Free Cone Day), donations to social causes (i. , Ben Jerry Foundation), and the use of eco-friendly products, as discussed below under Environmental Strategy. This strategy has proven successful; the 1999 Harris Interactive Poll regarding buyer perception of corporate reputability ranked Ben Jerry’s first in the â€Å"social responsibility† category and fifth overall (SEC Report, 1999). Small-Scale Growth and Franchising The economic mission of the company (to achieve profitability, i ncrease value to shareholders and create career opportunities) is implemented through Ben Jerry’s strategy for small-scale business growth. Ben Jerry’s has maximized profitability by initially starting small and slowly building an ice-cream business over time (Spolsky, 2000). Ultimately, the success at the small-scale required the company to shift its corporate strategy toward the establishment of several franchised â€Å"scoop shops† throughout the nation and Europe. As of 1999, there were approximately 164 scoop shops in North America (SEC, 1999). These scoop shops serve as a major employment resource and a source of revenue for non-profit groups. In addition, Ben Jerry’s gains a competitive advantage through franchising by expanding market share, increasing revenue and publicizing the company’s brand name using minimal amounts of startup capital. As shown in Figure 1, Ben Jerry’s has achieved substantial, yet gradual, growth in revenues since 1993. Marketing Strategy According to the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) annual report, Ben Jerry’s use of natural ingredients, high product quality, periodic introduction of new flavors, focus on grass- 6 roots community involvement and the â€Å"down home† local image are essential elements of the company’s marketing strategy. The company’s Waterbury ice cream factory is the single most popular tourist attraction in Vermont. In addition, the company is well known for it’s creative television advertising and public relations campaigns. The use of innovative online marketing and web-based promotions with Yahoo have further emphasized this image and strengthened brand name recognition (SEC Report, 1999). Ben Jerry’s Annual Revenue: 1993-1998 225 $ (in millions) 200 175 150 125 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year Figure 1. Annual Revenue for Ben Jerry’s: 1993 to 1998. Source: Ben Jerry’s 1998 CERES Report. CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY In 1992, Ben Jerry’s became the first publicly held company to adopt the CERES (Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies) principles as part of its environmental strategy (Ben Jerry’s 1998 CERES Report). CERES is a non-profit coalition of interest groups working in partnership with companies towards the goal of corporate environmental responsibility worldwide. This involvement with CERES is evidence of the company’s dedication to protecting the environment and insurance that consideration is made to the environment when managing and operating its business. The CERES principles are as follows: †¢ Protection of the Biosphere 7 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Sustainable Use of Natural Resources Reduction and Disposal of Wastes Energy Conservation Risk Reduction Safe Products and Services Environmental Restoration Public Outreach and Education Management Commitment Audits and Reports Ben Jerry’s believes that â€Å"businesses should be among the leaders in the social change necessary to repair and prevent the damage that the human race is capable of inflicting upon natural cycles through everyday corporate, national, international, local and personal practices† (ibid). By integrating the CERES principles into the company’s overall goals, Ben Jerry’s strives to develop a comprehensive environmental strategy that conforms to its mission of making an exemplary product, earning a fair return, and serving its community. Ben Jerry’s environmental goals as a company are to minimize its negative impacts on the environment, promote sustainable farming and safe methods of food production that reduce environmental degradation, and use its business as a medium for environmental and social change. In order to accomplish this strategy there are numerous policies and activities that the company is executing, or has plans to execute in the near future. By analyzing Ben Jerry’s environmental strategy within the framework of the Principle Strategy-Implementing Tasks, as outlined in Chapter 9 of Crafting and Implementing Strategy (Thompson and Strickland, 1998), we can effectively examine the steps the company is taking to best achieve its goals. These actions are visible in all aspects of the company and are proof of the company’s commitment to its environmental strategy. There is an ever-present culture within Ben Jerry’s of environmental awareness and interest in company greening. In implementing its strategy, Ben Jerry’s has worked to ensure that every employee is involved and that values are shared throughout the company. Within the management structure of the company, efforts are made to make sure that the Board of Directors and CEO are fully informed about pertinent environmental issues and are fully responsible for environmental policy. In addition, the company considers demonstrated environmental commitments when selecting Board members. As the founders, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield continue to provide strong environmental leadership that is crucial to effective implementation of the company’s environmental strategy. There is significant dialogue within the chain of command of the company. At each manufacturing site in Vermont there is an Environmental Coordinator who is in charge of operating and monitoring environmental activities. These coordinators meet with the Manager of Natural Resource Use on a monthly basis. Through this dialogue, nvironmental strategies for company-wide and site-specific compliance and operations are made. The Manager of Natural Resource Use reports to the Senior Director of Operations who in turn reports to the CEO (ibid). This flow of information ensures that every decision-maker is aware of environmental issues and considers these factors when running the business. 8 There is also a significant employee environmental awareness and education campaign within the company. Programs such as the company-wide Environmental Awareness Week promotes employee knowledge of environmental issues. During orientation, new employees are introduced to the environmental policies of the company by the Manager of Natural Resource Use (ibid). In addition, there are employee-led groups called Green Teams that work on company-related projects like recycling, composting, and writing â€Å"eco-facts† for the company newspaper (ibid). This activism and knowledge-share that is built into the company network contributes to the success of its environmental strategy by enabling company personnel to better carry out their strategic roles. In addition to this internal communication, the company also uses various strategies to build public interest and awareness in environmental issues. This succeeds in not only promoting the goals of the company, but also in adding to the competitive advantage of the company by gaining public support and loyalty. Ben Jerry’s website has a plethora of information on its environmental policies, activities, and accomplishments. The importance that the company places on these issues is shown by the fact that some of this information is highlighted on the home page (www. benjerry. om, 2000). Other tools the company uses for disseminating information to the public are the publications of the Annual Report and CERES Report, as well as position papers on dioxin and rBGH at their scoop shops. In addition, the company puts on an annual festival encouraging public awareness of environmental and social issues (CERES Report, 1998). In order to be successful in implementing its environmental strategy, Ben Jerry’s has established many strategy-supportive policies company-wide. These are detailed in the company’s 1998 CERES Report. These policies apply to all U. S. ocations and international locations under the company’s direct ownership. The Manager of Natural Resource Use continually updates them whenever new technologies, concerns, or standards emerge. Examples of these include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Beginning in 1997, all uncontaminated waste oils from its plants are re-refined by a certified handler to be reused. In 1994 the company created a list of approved environmentally friendly cleaning and office supplies that is continually updated when appropriate. Scoop shops are built with environmentally sound material, such as tiles and countertops made of recycled materials. The â€Å"Contractor’s Handbook† contains environmental requirements for all outside parties working at Ben Jerry’s sites. Another area that is crucial to ensure that environmental strategies are achieved is in the allocation of resources to strategy-critical activities and the institution of best practices for continuous improvement. The company puts a lot of energy into exploring opportunities for waste reduction, recycling, and energy use. In addition, the company tracks the cost and impacts of all waste and energy use associated with the production process. Using a system of integrated environmental tracking tables the company reports on solid, hazardous, wastewater, and dairy waste production, energy use, and recycling. This information is used to identify trends and set 9 goals. As a result of this work the company has demonstrated continual improvement in its solid-waste recycling, rising from 35% in 1995 to 53% in 1998. Figure 2 shows the amount of waste the company has recycled between 1995 and 1998. In 1998, a Packaging Innovation Group was created with a goal reducing waste from ingredient packaging (ibid. ). In 1997, the company conducted a project to develop a pint container that would be more environmentally sustainable and compostable. The company invested hundreds of man-hours to analyze sources of chlorine-free paper for their â€Å"Eco-Pint† (ibid. ). The release of this product is in direct line with the company’s environmental strategy and presents a major step forward in its goal to develop a compostable, non-toxic container. Annual Recycling at Ben Jerry’s Tons of Solid Waste 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1995 1996 Year 1997 1998 Figure 2. Annual Solid Waste Recycling at Ben Jerry’s between 1995 and 1998. Source: Ben Jerry’s 1998 CERES Report. Ben Jerry’s realizes the importance of community participation and accountability. Consistent with its environmental strategy, Ben Jerry’s uses its business as a means of promoting environmentalism, small-scale agriculture, human rights, and economic justice. This is achieved through Corporate Giving to organizations like Natural Resources Defense Council and the Vermont Land Trust, the establishment of the Ben Jerry’s Foundation which funds non-profit social and environmental organizations across the United States, and Community Actions Teams. These teams are made up of Ben Jerry’s employees who organize annual major community projects in their area and provide grants to various community-based organizations. All told, Ben Jerry’s donates approximately 7. 5% of its pre-tax profits annually (ibid. ). 10 Another means by which the company seeks to achieve its environmental strategy is through management of its supply chain. Ben Jerry’s is consistently working to purchase ingredients and other inputs from environmentally and socially responsible sources. The company has a Vendor Certification Program in which 80% of its suppliers were enrolled by the end of 1998 (ibid. . As part of the assessment process, Ben Jerry’s evaluates the environmental competencies of potential suppliers and considers this information when determining whether or not to do business. In addition, Ben Jerry’s only purchases dairy supplies from family farmers who pledge not to treat their cows with rBGH, because of the adverse effects it has on sustainable agriculture (ibid. ). By working with its suppliers, Ben Jerry’s attempts to ensure that its environmental goals are shared throughout its supply chain. This leads to a more effective implementation of its overall strategy. STRATEGY ANALYSIS An analysis of the external and internal forces shaping the ice cream industry is necessary in order to determine the effectiveness of Ben Jerry’s current (and prospective) corporate and environmental strategies. We will utilize several analytical tools to characterize the strengths and liabilities of the industry and the effectiveness of the company’s strategy, particularly through the use of the Five Forces Model of Competition, the Sixth (Non-Market) Force analysis, SWOT analysis, and the key factors of success. Five Forces Model of Competition In order to identify and assess the strength of external competitive forces on the ice cream industry we utilized a common analytical tool, Porter’s Five Forces Model of Competition, which is based on the following five factors: rivalry among competing sellers, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers of key inputs, substitute products and potential new entrants to the market (Thomas and Strickland, 1995). Figure 3 summarizes the competitive strength of these forces on the ice cream industry. Rivalry Among Competing Sellers The principal competitors in the super-premium ice cream industry are large, diversified companies with significantly greater resources than Ben Jerry’s; the primary competitors include Dreyers and Haagen-Dazs. Rivalry can be characterized as intense, given that numerous competitors exist, the cost of switching to rival brands is low, and the sales-increasing tactics employed by Dreyers and other rivals threatens to boosts rivals’ unit volume of production (SEC Report, 1999). Buyers The power of buyers is relatively high because buyers are large, consisting of individual customers, grocery stores, convenience stores, and restaurants nationwide and globally. Since retailers purchase ice cream products in large quantities, this gives buyers substantial leverage over price. In addition, there are many ice cream products to choose from, so the buyers’ cost of switching to competing brands is relatively low. In order to defend against this competitive force, a company’s strategy must include strong product differentiation so that buyers are less able to switch over without incurring large costs. 1 Suppliers The suppliers to the ice cream industry include dairy farmers, paper container manufacturers, and suppliers of various flavorings. Such suppliers are a moderate competitive force, given that the ice cream industry they are supplying is a major customer, there are multiple suppliers throughout the nation to choose from, and many of the supplier s’ viability is tied to the wellbeing of large, established companies such as Dreyers and Haagen-Dazs. Therefore, the ice cream suppliers have moderate leverage to bargain over price. Substitute Products Many substitutes products are available within the dessert and frozen food industry (cookies, pies, Popsicles, cake). The ease with which buyers can switch to substitute products is an indicator of the strength of this competitive force. Since substitute products are readily available and attractively priced compared to the relatively higher priced super-premium ice cream products, the competitive pressures posed by substitute products are intense. Companies that enter the super-premium market, therefore, must adopt defensive strategies that convince buyers their higher priced product has better features (i. . , quality, taste, innovative flavors) that more than make up for the difference in price. Potential New Entrants The barriers to entry within the ice cream industry are moderate due to the brand preferences and customer loyalty toward the larger and more established rival companies. Other obstacles to new entrants include strong brand loyalty to established firms and economic factors, such as the requirement for large sources of capital, specialized mixing facilities and manufacturing plants. In addition, the accessibility of distribution channels can be difficult for an unknown firm with little or no brand recognition. Although Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield successfully launched their ice cream business from a gas station with modest funding and staff, they had to initially rely on a rival company’s distribution channels (and later on independent distributors) in order to gain a stronger foothold in the market. Figure 3. Porter’s Model of the Five Competitive Forces S ubstituteProducts Many S ubstitute s Buye rs S trong le rage ve Largenum rs be Rivalry Among Competing Sellers Many large established rivals S upplie rs Mode le rage rate ve Ne Entrants w Mode Barrie to rate rs Entry 12 As discussed above, several competitive forces on the ice cream industry are relatively strong, suggesting that it is a difficult industry to be competitive in. However, Ben Jerry’s implementation of a differentiation strategy has helped the company effectively defend against these forces and gain a competitive advantage. The use of higher quality ingredients and ecofriendly packaging has created a unique brand image that helps develop brand loyalty and beat rival competitors to the market. The company’s social activism toward the community and use of innovative flavors also help insulate the firm from the strong bargaining power of buyers since rival firms and/or products are relatively less attractive. Similarly, Ben Jerry’s product differentiation strategy also allows the company to fend off threats of substitute products that don’t have comparable features. The company’s differentiation strategy also mitigates the threat of potential entrants due to high buyer loyalty for a superior product. The moderate threat posed by suppliers is tackled by two other facets of the company’s strategy: ensuring the viability of suppliers by paying premium prices for raw materials, and redesigning the distribution network to gain more control and reduce reliance on rival distribution channels. The â€Å"Sixth† Force (Non-Market Forces) Industry Regulations Ben Jerry’s is subject to regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Vermont Department of Agriculture. In response to stringent labeling criteria for healthoriented foods, the company made changes in its labeling regarding its low fat/low cholesterol products (SEC Report, 1999). FDA regulations may potentially affect the ability of the company, as well as rival firms in the ice cream industry, to develop and market new frozen dessert products. However, given that Ben Jerry’s is already in compliance with the FDA, it is unlikely that such regulations will have a significant impact on the company’s operations. Other regulatory forces include potential RCRA liability due to the company’s generation of hazardous materials during the manufacturing process. However, Ben Jerry’s is currently exempt from these hazardous materials regulations since the level of hazardous materials generated is below the threshold for requiring a permit; indeed, by staying small and maintaining regulatory compliance, the company gains a competitive advantage over larger companies that may have to meet stricter regulations or be more susceptible to non-compliance. Public and Stakeholders Public and stakeholder concerns over health and nutrition and environmental pollution exert a strong force on the ice cream industry. The heightened consumer awareness and demand for low-cholesterol or low-fat foods can force companies to respond with ingredient substitutions and differentiated product lines to stay in business. Similarly, the increasing consumer trend toward supporting eco-friendly product packaging and all-natural, organic ingredients can cause ice cream companies to revise their strategies. Ben Jerry’s, with it’s commitment to providing all natural ingredients, a low-fat ice cream line, and chlorine-free paper for example, is in a better position to attract those consumers who are willing to pay more to get more. Given Ben Jerry’s proactive strategic approach, the company can effectively insulate itself from these public pressures and enjoys a significant competitive advantage over those companies that resist incorporating socially progressive or eco-friendly values into their strategies. 13 SWOT Analysis Another means of analyzing the strategies of the company is by examining the strengths and weaknesses of its internal resources, and then exploring the external threats and opportunities facing the company. By developing a clear understanding of these factors, we can evaluate where the company should go from here. Figure 4 identifies these forces for both the general corporate and environmental strategies of Ben Jerry’s. Based on our analysis, we feel that much of the company’s internal strengths and external opportunities lie within its environmental strategy. This gives further evidence to suggest that the environmental and corporate strategies are well integrated, and that this integration is crucial to the future success of the company. Figure 4. SWOT Analysis of Ben Jerry’s Strengths Product Differentiation Brand Name Image Creative Advertising Promotion Innovation Environmental Leader Threats Image Deterioration Increased Competition Shift in Buyer Preferences Loss of Sales to Substitutes Bush Presidency Conflicts with Unilever Weaknesses Dependence on Outside Distribution High Cost Financial Instability Geographic Limitations Opportunities Growing Consumer Environmental Interest Geographic Expansion Market Diversification Alliances Key Success Factors A successful strategy incorporates the company’s efforts to be competent on all of the industry’s key success factors and to excel on at least one factor (Thompson and Strickland, 1998). In the highly competitive super-premium ice cream industry, the key factors of success include product 14 differentiation, a strong distribution network, brand loyalty and clever advertising. As shown in Figure 5, Ben Jerry’s excels in these (and other) key factors, and has a particular expertise on product differentiation to gain a competitive advantage. Product Differentiation All-natural ingredients Innovative flavors High quality Brand Loyalty Favorable reputation with environmentally-aware consumers Access to Distribution Network use of independent suppliers and existing channels Social Activism Corporate philanthropy Ben Jerry’s Fund Eco-friendly Product Dioxin-free pint containers Recycled materials Hormone-free dairy supply Clever advertising Free ice cream samples Grassroots and local image Figure 5. Ben Jerry’s Key Factors of Success. STRATEGIC CONSISTENCIES According to the Ben Jerry’s Mission Statement, the goal of the company is to integrate product quality with economic success and social responsibility. One of the key strategic factors that successfully links these three missions together is the differentiation strategy. In this respect, the environmental and general corporate strategies are very much in tune with each other. Differentiation not only increases the competitive advantage of Ben Jerry’s, but it also leads to environmental excellence in the operation of the company. By focusing its attention and energy on recycling, energy efficiency, and product innovation, Ben Jerry’s can reduce its impact on the environment while at the same time reducing product cost. This is being achieved through the work of the Packaging Information Group that focuses on reducing the incoming packaging which adds to the waste stream, and the production of the compostable â€Å"Eco-Pint. † These and other actions help build a competitive advantage within the market. By using allnatural, rBGH-free ingredients and dioxin-free containers, Ben Jerry’s can also attract environmentally minded consumers to its products, thus increasing market share. At the same time, this practice helps protect the environment and support family-farming and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, this differentiation strategy has the versatility of providing a better product that can attract customers, command a higher price, and protect the environment, thus satisfying the three integral parts of the company’s mission and both the corporate and environmental strategies. In order for this environmental differentiation strategy to be sustainable there needs to be a willingness among customers to pay for environmental quality, credible information about the company’s environmental attributes, and insulation against imitation. The company’s steady 15 growth in revenue over the last few years shows that the customer base is there and that they are more than willing to pay a premium price for a superior quality product. Ben Jerry’s addresses the latter two issues through its informative website, external audits, and constant innovation creating unique, hard to imitate flavors and products. Another way in which the environmental strategy and corporate strategy are consistent with each other is in the area of regulatory compliance. As a result of the attention Ben Jerry’s pays to the environmental risks associated with its production process, and the efforts made by the company to ensure that negative impacts to the environment from its business operations are minimized, Ben Jerry’s has had very few compliance issues and has never been issued any penalties by Federal regulators (1998 CERES Report). In addition to the environmental benefit from such compliance, there is a beneficial impact on the business as well. By minimizing operational costs, the company gains a potential competitive advantage over competitors with less stringent environmental controls that may face compliance issues. Overall, the company’s environmental strategy and general business strategy are well integrated. By focusing on differentiation, which is in large part due to environmental policies and programs, the company gains a competitive advantage over its rivals. As the company grows and increases its annual profits, more money can therefore be donated to social and environmental causes through its various giving channels. Ben Jerry’s has positioned itself so that its success is highly dependent on its environmental image, therefore the two strategies are intimately linked. There are, however, some disconnects between strategies. There are a few instances where environmental goals take a back seat to company profits. Examples of these disconnects are described in the next section below. DISCONNECTS BETWEEN STRATEGIES Although the mission of the company is to temper economic growth with environmental responsibility, during our research we discovered several ccasions in which company profits clearly outweighed the desire to be as environmentally proactive as possible. For example, Ben and Jerry’s currently packages its Peace Pops inside a plastic wrapper and paper board box. This change was in response to a belief that sales had been declining due to customer disapproval of its original packaging, which consisted solely of a plastic wrapper. This change has led to an increase of packaging materials by 152,000 pounds annually (ibid. ). This is in direct conflict with the company’s policy on waste reduction and illustrates the priority given to company profits over environmental concerns. Similarly, an effort to introduce an organic line of desserts, which would have been more in line with its environmental strategy, was abandoned due to economic costs. Another example of a â€Å"disconnect† is in the company’s energy use. Ben Jerry’s recognizes that its operation, like any industrial process, is energy intensive. However, as of 1998, the company had no formal policy on energy use and conservation (ibid. ). While the plants and scoop shops make attempts to be energy efficient, the company relies on non-renewable sources of energy for its production processes, instead of using green energy that would be less damaging 16 and more consistent with its environmental policies. Although not expressly stated, it seems that economic cost is once again superseding sustainability. While Ben Jerry’s works to reuse and recycle as much of its waste as possible, it is the policy of the company to send any hazardous waste that cannot be recycled to a hazardous waste incinerator to be handled. Although this may be the most economical method of treating hazardous waste, it is not necessarily the most environmentally sound disposal technology, and directly contradicts the company’s environmental goals. In keeping with the corporate strategy of maintaining a local, down home image, many sacrifices to the environmental strategy are made. The most glaring disconnect is in the national distribution of the product from a single state. Manufacturing in Vermont requires extensive shipping of its products; this is a highly energy-intensive process. In 1998, emissions from the distribution of its products totaled over 113,000 pounds for carbon monoxide, 15,000 pounds of nitrogen oxides, 7,000 pounds of hydrocarbons, 1,600 tons of carbon dioxide, and 400 pounds of particulate matter (ibid. ). This tradeoff illustrates an inherent inconsistency between the corporate and environmental strategies of the company. While these disconnects do occur, we feel that Ben Jerry’s has done an excellent job in integrating its business and environmental strategies and balancing profitability with environmental protection. UNILEVER ACQUISITION AND IMPACTS ON STRATEGY Ben Jerry’s strategy will likely shift towards larger-scale economic growth in response to the recent Unilever acquisition of the company in April 2000. Ben Jerry’s emphasized that this acquisition will allow the company to create an even more dynamic, socially positive ice cream business with global reach (www. lib. benjerry. com). In addition, the financial backing of a larger and established company will strengthen Ben Jerry’s competitive advantage with respect to the five forces, particularly the threat of competition from rival firms. According to the cofounders, â€Å"neither of us could have anticipated, twenty years ago, that a major multinational would some day sign on, enthusiastically, to pursue and expand the social mission that continues to be an essential part of Ben Jerry’s and a driving force behind our many successes. But today, Unilever has done just that. While we and others certainly would have preferred to pursue our mission as an independent enterprise, we hope that, as part of Unilever, Ben Jerry’s will continue to expand its role in society† (ibid). The agreement between Unilever and Ben Jerry’s ensures that the current social mission of Ben Jerry’s will be encouraged and well-funded, which will lead to improved performance in this area; and an opportunity has been offered for Ben Jerry’s to contribute to Unilever’s social practices worldwide. According to Richard Goldstein, President of Unilever Foods of North America, Unilever feels that â€Å"Ben Jerry’s has a significant opportunity outside of the United States. Unilever is in an ideal position to bring the Ben Jerry’s brand, values and socially responsible message to consumers worldwide. Much of the success of the Ben Jerry’s brand is based on its connections to basic human values, and it is our hope and expectation that Ben Jerry’s continues to engage in these critical, global economic and social missions† (ibid). Based on the nature of this agreement, Unilever is pledging to uphold Ben Jerry’s mission of 17 integrating product quality with economic performance and social responsibility. Therefore, we do not expect that Ben Jerry’s environmental strategy will change, except that more innovations can possibly be made with the augmented financial and human resources. In addition, the social and environmental mission of the company will have the opportunity to be applied on a more global scale. As far as the preservation of the company’s corporate strategy, Unilever’s global presence and greater access to distribution channels will allow for Ben Jerry’s to continue to expand internationally, thus increasing market share, profitability, and competitive advantage. Potential threat to Ben Jerry’s success as a result of the Unilever acquisition are the negative public perception of the company (i. e. elling out), loss of consumer support and brand loyalty. This can be mitigated through marketing strategies geared towards alleviating public fears and ensuring that the underlying goals and policies of the company will remain intact. RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Based on our analysis, we believe that the corporate and environmental strategies are appropriate and well integrated. While there are some disconnects between the tw o strategies, overall it is clear that the company strives to achieve economic success and environmental responsibility. Up to now, Ben Jerry’s has been successful at maintaining this balance. The primary concern is how well the company can insulate itself from future competition that could threaten its position as a leader in the super premium frozen dessert industry. In light of the threats identified in the SWOT analysis, we recommend that Ben Jerry’s implement the following suggestions: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Protect its public image in light of the recent acquisition by Unilever by maintaining its current position as a market-leader in environmentally and socially responsible business practices. Continue cost-cutting efforts through implementation of further waste reduction, energy conservation, and recycling programs. Draft a formal written policy on energy use. Frequent product innovation and diversification to address threats of substitute and imitation products and meet changing consumer preferences (i. e. lactose-free ice cream, all organic line of frozen desserts, cookies) Continue franchising scoop shops to increase its market reach and withstand growing competition, both nationally and internationally. As the company grows, there will be greater waste generation and distribution-related emissions – increase the development of cleaner manufacturing, disposal, and distribution technologies to ensure that the company continues to stay in compliance. Develop additional manufacturing plants and distribution centers outside of Vermont to reduce distribution costs, cut down on distribution-related emissions, and increase production volume of the company. If George W. Bush becomes President, there could be a relaxation of environmental regulations and attitudes, thus leveling the playing field and eroding Ben Jerry’s competitive advantage over firms that may be less environmentally responsible. The 18 †¢ company needs to continue to focus on its differentiation strategy to retain its edge and bolster customer loyalty and support. Continue to work with Unilever to ensure that Ben Jerry’s remains an independent subsidiary with its social and environmental values firmly in place. Protect itself from assimilation into the multinational corporate identity. In conclusion, our analysis has illustrated that a company can be competitive without sacrificing its environmental goals and strategies. Through differentiation, Ben Jerry’s has established itself as both a leader in product quality and environmental responsibility. The challenge will be for Ben Jerry’s, after being acquired by a multinational conglomerate, to demonstrate that it is still possible to maintain its uniqueness and proactive environmental strategy. So can Ben Jerry’s continue to serve up a double scoop of being green and making green? Stay tuned for the next flavor of the month. 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ben Jerry’s 1998 CERES Environmental Report, 1998. Securities and Exchange Commission Annual Report for Ben Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. Form 10-K, 1999. Spolsky, Joel, â€Å"How to Grow a Business,† http://www. fool. com, August 4, 2000. Thompson, Arthur A. Jr. , Strickland, III, A. J. Crafting and Implementing Strategy, Text and Readings, 10th edition. Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998. www. hoovers. com www. benjerry. com www. lib. benjerry. com Substitute Products Many S ubstitute s 20 How to cite Ben Jerry Case Analysis, Essay examples

Critical Essay Cross Cultural Communication and Practice

Question: 1. What are the principles of culturally appropriate or culturally sensitive development?2. How do these relate to development theory and practice generally?3. How may these principles be applied in practice generally within your target community (you may want to focus in on your desired professional area of work here)4. What may enhance your capacity as a culturally competent development practitioner in this context? Answers: Introduction Cross cultural communication is referred as the intriguing area that has tried to empower the understanding about the peoples coming from the different social backgrounds and those communicate, compare and diversify the routes (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). In the last work I have mentioned that I belong to the Hindu religion and working as the civil engineer in one of the multinational organization located in New Delhi. Its noted that in the country like India, there are many religious communities, and cross culture s the work place has become quite common (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). In the western countries they have the strong and stable culture; where else in India we have mostly unstable as well as moderately less tolerant culture (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). There are many religious communities existing in the country that has enhanced the culture and communication practices in the country, but still the main focus is placed over its advancement and the d evelopments (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). With the changes coming in the international social reforms, the concept of globalization has increased, and made the global business as their priority to take the multinational companies to take hold of the competitive advantage (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). The culturally sensitive communities play many challenges at the workplace, and its a challenge to manage this kind of workforce (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). I have selected Islam as my target culture, as in India there are many Muslims residing in the country. Managing the differences in the target culture is not easy as they vary in languages, cultures and in their tradition and managing them in multinational companies is not easy (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). The diversity in the human resources within the company relates to the social setup, but at the same time it also impacts the personality as well as psychology of the stakeholders (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). The target culture sleeted by me is Muslim culture. Culture in nation advances its communication and the diversified culture at the workplace also offers many opportunities of learning but at the same time there are many drawbacks of it, as adjusting with people from different backgrounds is not that easy (Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper 1989). 1. Culturally sensitive development in target culture India is considered as the place having the high cultural heritage that influences the peoples originality (Davis 2009). Through India is considered as the highest business hub in the global trade business, but simultaneously, it becomes challenging for the companies in adapt with the cultural shift in the country (Carbaugh 2013). The business in the India holds the cultural etiquettes along with ethics, which is required by the multinational corporations to adapt with both flexibility and tolerance (Davis 2009). The India is the country with diversified cultures, and in which culture is entirely variant in context of attribute in which they pray, religion, and appearance, greetings, environment of workplace, behavior, communication, and womens working at the workplace, habits of drinking, and eating (Carbaugh 2013). Therefore, the multinational companies that are doing business in India require to adapt with the cultural norms in context of marketing and various other activities of operations; therefore, they need to follow the legal obligations and also need to create the market loyalty towards the company through increasing the feeling of belongingness (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971). Companies in India have to face various issues mainly the challenges of cross culture in context of the workplace environment and for conducting the marketing activities with the customers of host country; the challenges of culture link with the language, religion, women working in offices, working style, appearances, behavior as well as attitude (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971). All these factors pay important role in the culture of an organization and the loyalty, and customer satisfaction as the local national that tries to prefer those brands in which they could actually trust and feel the belongingness and the organization that could connect with more customers (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971). Islam is one of the major religions practiced in India and the same encompasses the different aspects of the life in the country (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971). This faith of Islam puts light on the generosity of the religion, along with modesty and respect in the business that is entirely opposite of the organizational culture based in USA (Rogers and Shoemaker 1971). The individual respect as well as honor is the most prominent and supreme in the culture of Islam and the discussions about the business are actually done through the support of the indirect communication style (Gudykunst 2003). Hierarchy in the organizations is considered as the key concept in the India that focuses over the approach of top down for taking the decisions, authorities and for power to centralize to the one person (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). In the case of direct communication, they try to leave the very less space in comparison with the culture of the organization, but the Islam gives high value towards the civility in the business (Gudykunst 2003). Next factor relates to women shaking hands in the meetings is actually restricted, and women try to avoid shaking hands with the men (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). Its noted that the person status in the company is considered important and the top person is greeted first (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). Hospit ality is also considered as the matter of pride in the Islamic culture and they even try to preserve the honor to host the person or organization (Gudykunst 2003). The culture of India is actually very vast in context of different factors, and attire is the most important factors in the Islamic culture (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). Women have to wear the Abaya that cover their body. Culture in India tries to initiate the communication that is actually decisive in its nature (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). At certain points the diversity at the workplace, there are certain critical elements that supports in having the successful communication with the associations (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). By considering the experience of the Ting-Toomey and Chung, it can be mentioned that the hierarchical setup in the companies it becomes critical to have the equal appreciation within the culture, along with religion value and confidence (Ting-Toomey and Chung 2012). For example, while working in the civil engineering company there is many people who come from different religions who adopt their certain set of practices societies and perspectiv es (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). While this can be considered as imperative in having the association to give guarantee, as it provides equal administration and also give space in every group through breaking the authoritative target (Ting-Toomey and Chung 2012). It is also observed that due to the cultural contrasts in musings; therefore, they are not conveyed properly, and there are many reasons for it, for example an expert who comes from the Hindu religion might talk with the dialects, where else the person from the Islamic culture might not do the same (Groeschl 2003). These factors come in the perplexity due to the dialect befuddle that often comes in the mistakes which comes by providing the data (Ting-Toomey and Chung 2012). It is explored that there are three development process stages of culturally sensitive communities, which includes incompetence, and cultural competence through having various cognitive, skilled based and affective elements (Groeschl 2003). The Groeschl tries to maintain the basic impacts of the delivered services through the help of practitioners that are actually culturally sensitive, incompetent, or culturally competent and are also damaging, beneficial, as well as neutral (Groeschl 2003). However, there is a detailed explanation of the process that is given through Lung-Tan and Yuan-Ho (2005), under which they includes six stages of the culturally sensitive development (Lung-Tan and Yuan-Ho 2005). In this way practitioners such as systems and organization, advance through the cultural capacity, cultural destructiveness, cultural pre-competence, cultural blindness, cultural proficiency, as well as cultural competence (Lung-Tan and Yuan-Ho 2005). As per Hofstede (1984), for progressing with the practitioners one require to appreciate the diversity of culture at the workplace and should also try to acknowledge the biases of culture and need to be aware about what happens when the two culture interact with each other (Hofstede 1984). Furthermore, the actions taken by them need to undertake the cultural background of every person working in multinational company (Gray 1988). 2. Development theory There are many experts and the scholars who are trying to create the impact on the differences lying in the cross culture and on the behavior of the people in order to support them in reducing the risks of intercultural of the global business (Gray 1988). According to the founder of Intercultural Development Institute of research, it is believed that there are many experienced person, who has to face the cultural differences and there are many people who has tried to develop the intercultural competence by making it more effective while working across the different cultures (Hofstede 1984). As per the Hofstede (1984) of developmental Model of Intercultural sensitivity, there are round six stages over the path of developing the competence of intercultural, and its noted that every characteristic through the help of specific behavior and perception is towards other as well as their own culture (Hofstede 1984). It is noted that the key changes in the intercultural competence mainly happens through the ethno relativism and ethnocentrism. In different context, through having the knowledge about various cultures for becoming superior helps in understanding about own culture, as its equal to the complexity and value with other culture (Hofstede 1984). These six stages of Bennetts Model of development in the intercultural sensitivity are explained below: 1. Denial- in this stage, individual denies every interaction with the other people from other cultures and depicts having no interest in discovering the differences in the culture (Arredondo 1999). They might act in aggressive way in different situations of cross culture (Arredondo 1999). 2. Defense- In this stage, people considers every culture to be more inferior then their own culture and they try to criticize the behavior of others from different culture (Arredondo 1999). 3. Minimization- At this stage, individuals start to believe that the cultures often share the similar values (Arredondo 1999). They even try to reduce the differences in culture through making other people correct in order match with their expectations (Arredondo 1999). 4. Acceptance- In this stage, people might try to judge the other cultures in negative way, but at the same time they try to explore that are cultures are actually different and they might get curious about the differences in cultures (Arredondo 1999). 5. Adaptation- In this stage, individuals tries to attain the ability to get adapted with the behavior in effective way through changing their own communication style and behavior (Arredondo 1999). 6. Integration- In this stage, they tend to achieve it by the expatriates for long term and working abroad (Arredondo 1999). In this stage people change their communication style and behavior while interacting with the people from other culture (Arredondo 1999). Through progressing from the Ethnocentrism towards the Ethno relativism over the scale it actually takes time, yet it is important to achieve success from any business that work towards enhancing the international economy (Australian Government: National Health and Medical Research Council 2006). Through becoming more sensitive towards inter-culture could only be attained through combining the first hand experience with various other cultures and participating in the training courses of inter-culture such as effective international leadership (Australian Government: National Health and Medical Research Council 2006). In the stage of integration could be reached, and the combination between the living experience and while working in Islamic culture and then taking part in the intercultural courses of training permits the international business to reach towards the stage of adaptation in order to acquire the high intercultural level competence, which will even ensure about the working in international environment (Australian Government: National Health and Medical Research Council 2006). Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory Individualism/ collectivism- Individualism implies societys individuals are usually loose and its expected that everyone take care for them and their family. The Muslims have the high collectivism level as they believe that being loyal with the community is the significant cultural value. They give priority to well being of the group, instead of their personal desires. Uncertainty avoidance- The dimension of uncertainty avoidance implies the extent to which the cultural members could feel threaten through unexpected situations and ambiguity degree. In case of Muslim culture they have low tolerance in case of risk, ambiguity and uncertainty (Hofstede 1984). Power distance- Power distance implies the extent to which the less powerful institutional members in the company accept that the power is distributed in not equal manner. Its noted that Islamic culture has high power distance, as they have high degree of authority and they project themselves as leader. Masculinity/ Femininity- This dimension implies the dominant role pattern of gender that relates with values and behavior (Hofstede 1984). In case of Islamic culture males prefer that women should be submissive with them, if they are having relation with them. In Islamic culture man holds the conservative attitude towards socio-culture. Differences in gender- Hofstede (1984) mentions, that woman have strong involvement towards purchasing, and in terms of emotional involvement, but men are high over efficiency and quality. In Islamic culture gender matters more in the patterns of consumption. In Islamic culture there are differences in male and female in terms of decisions (Hofstede 1984). 3. Application of Culturally sensitive developments within target community, and specifically in your professional work Differences in culture among the Islamic culture and in my Hindu culture are expressed through the nature of our interpersonal relations (Bin-Sallik 2003). In the case of Islamic clients it becomes challenging to accept their formal distance system among the client and the workers, which is actually the norm of the present situations and it might be that employees might get bended principles (Bin-Sallik 2003). In the case of Islamic culture, it is significant to build the relationship in order to solve the issues (Bin-Sallik 2003). Relationships are also building by the Islamic conception of the trust. Once the clients trust in build on the workers, they offer helping alliance and could even maintain (Bin-Sallik 2003). In the situation when the workers and the clients are of similar gender, the workers should consider the requirements of the clients in order to express the intimacy as well as they should sometime relax the style of formality, which is considered as helping in Hindu culture (Bin-Sallik 2003). When the client and the workers are of different gender, its important that the workers should try to build greater distance than the normal distance in order not to get involved in impropriety of sex (Bin-Sallik 2003). The style of Islamic communication is actually formal, restrained, instead of personal or either expressive (Brach and Fraser 2000). It is also challenging for the Islamic clients to divulge the personal issues as well as feelings towards the one, who is outside from the community (Brach and Fraser 2000). During my working as a civil engineer at multinational company, we have adopted different techniques that are mainly applied in western cultures in order to limit the application towards the Islamic clients (Brach and Fraser 2000). I have noted that effects of client, self disclosure, and self exploration often become challenging, mainly if they perceive the risk, which even damage the honor of family (Brach and Fraser 2000). These challenges need no to be constructed as per the resistance of the client. Its of no surprise that the miscommunication among the workers and the clients are usually unfamiliar with the culture of the clients (Brach and Fraser 2000). I have observed that t he challenges in the deciphering and communication with the clients are usually verbal and nonverbal that could often lead towards errant assessment due to the existence of the symptoms that are bounded by culture, and select the approaches as well as practice technique, which is not appropriate from the cultural perspective of client (Brach and Fraser 2000). 4. Ways to enhance the capacity as a culturally competent development practitioner in this context There are different ways through which I could enhance my capacity of cultural competence in my company while working as civil engineer: 1. Acknowledge the cultural influence- It is important to analyze and understand the people having immersed of their own culture and link the same with the attitudes, beliefs as well as behavior that could help in guiding the professional as well as personal communication (Zborowski 2000). However, it is noted that the human nature is the one that tend towards ethnocentric, which mean believing that our own culture is norm and standards through which we judge others (Zborowski 2000). I have learned that we often forget that the other people from other culture might also be ethnocentric. Therefore, this kind of self awareness is actually critical when the employees work with customers from other cultures (Zborowski 2000). 2. Assess the relations of cross-culture along with concern about the dynamics that result through different culture- Through the interaction between the people from different culture comes with the possibility that the other persons actions are actually not judge properly (Ladyshewsky 1999). Every party comes with certain experiences as well as communication ways while interacting with others (Ladyshewsky 1999). Its important that the workers need to be vigilant for reducing the misinterpretation, perception and judgment about other person (Ladyshewsky 1999). 3. Increase the knowledge about the culture and incorporating the knowledge in day to day practices- If the assumption relates with the professionals who can work in effective ways with other clients from other cultural backgrounds, this enhance the knowledge about the client or either the social cultural clients, this can even improve their bonds (Campinha-Bacote 1999). I have learned that its important that one should seek the information about socio-culture that could support them relatively in modifying the communication like what they should ask and the way it is ask and this can even modify the interventions that are relied over the cultural reality of the person (Campinha-Bacote 1999). I think that professionals should ask the customers about their culture and lifestyle and should try to understand it and they should even indicate about their willingness to learn about their culture (Campinha-Bacote 1999). In this manner, every party interacting with other people could be able to presume the desire to give as well as take the data (Campinha-Bacote 1999). 4. Adapt with the cultural diversity- Professionals should try to develop the examination of cultural sensitivity along with the techniques of intervention, which could permit the customers to feel more comfortable (Bates and Edwards 1998). The workplace environment at the multinational corporation needs to get adapted in order to create the better fit among the requirements of the people and the needs of the staff (Bates and Edwards 1998). It is also significant to remember the cultural competence. Its also important that it should not be abandoned with the own culture along with the members of other culture by considering their values, behavior and attitude (Bates and Edwards 1998). Conclusion The report has discussed about the cultural sensitive development in the targeted culture of Islam. The report has tried to discuss about the challenges faced by the people while working in multinational companies as it includes diversified culture. The concept of cultural sensitive is explained through the help of theories and different ways are suggested for improving the cultural competencies. References Arredondo, P. 1999. Multicultural counseling competencies as tools to address oppression and racism. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, pp. 102-108. Australian Government: National Health and Medical Research Council. 2006. Cultural competency in health: a guide for policy, partnerships and participation. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. Bates, M. and Edwards, W.T. 1998. Ethnic variations in the chronic pain experience. In: Brown PJ, ed. Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology. Mayfield Publishing Co. Bin-Sallik, M. 2003. Cultural safety: let's name it! Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 32, pp. 21-28. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J. and Kasper, G. 1989. Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Ablex Pub. Brach, C. and Fraser, I. 2000. Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities?: a review and conceptual model. Medical Care Research and Review, 57(1), pp. 181-217. Campinha-Bacote, J. 1999. A model and instrument for addressing cultural competence in health care. Journal of Nursing Education, 38(5), pp. 203-207. Carbaugh, D. 2013. Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Davis, L. 2009. Doing culture: Cross-cultural communication in action. Foreign language teaching and research press. Gray, S. J. 1988. Towards a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus. Groeschl, S. 2003. Cultural Implications for the Appraisal Process. Cross Cultural Management, An International Journal, 10(1), pp.67 79 Gudykunst, W. B. 2003. Cross-cultural and intercultural communication. Sage. Hofstede, G. 1984. Cultural Dimensions In Management And Planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1, 3-5. Hofstede, G. 1984. Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. London: Sage. Ladyshewsky, R. 1999. Cross-cultural supervision of students. In: Leavitt RL, ed. Cross-Cultural Rehabilitation: An International Perspective. London, England: WB Saunders Co. Lung-Tan, L.L. and Yuan-Ho. 2005. The Effect of Culture on the Management Style and Performance of International Joint Ventures in China: The Perspective of Foreign Parent Firms. International Journal of Management, 1, pp. 1-45 Rogers, E. M. and Shoemaker, F. F. 1971. Communication of Innovations; A Cross-Cultural Approach. Scollon, R., Scollon, S. W. and Jones, R. H. 2011. Intercultural communication: A discourse approach. John Wiley Sons. Ting-Toomey, S. and Chung, L. C. 2012. Understanding intercultural communication. New York: Oxford University Press. Zborowski, M. 2000. Cultural

Technology Addiction Presentation Essay Example

Technology Addiction Presentation Essay It is to the point where this pungency is so strong that without having our cell phones on us at all times, we feel anxious and disconnected. Students have actually admitted to feeling depressed, anxious and craving their devices. In a study interviewing individuals between 17-23, 1 in 5 said that they experienced feelings Of withdrawal. Technology addiction is being compared to drug addiction since there are many similar symptoms for both addictions. We, the Backbone generation, are actually suffering from information withdrawal syndrome. The same way alcoholics experience withdrawal when they stop drinking. I also read on The Telegraph, that some children as young as four year old require psychological treatment because of their addiction to smartness and pads. According to helped. Org, Internet and computer addiction can cause individuals to Isolate themselves from friends and family. Spending so much time online can cause your social life to suffer and can cause you to neglect the real people in your life. Global post explains that internet addiction has proven to weaken verbal and written skills. Technology addiction distorts human social interactions for anyone who cant put their phone down while engaging in a conversation. If you try to have a conversation with someone who has a smartened in hand, chances are the eye contact will be zero and the listening abilities will be nonexistent. In particular, Face-to-face verbal skills in teens is also affected by technology overuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Addiction Presentation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Addiction Presentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Addiction Presentation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since teens are socializing more online, they are getting less practice speaking to people face-to-face. Not only does this have a negative affect on ones interactions skills in a social setting it is also a potential long- term effect that can impact these teens when they are applying and getting interviewed for universities and future jobs. Other long-term effects of technology addiction include psychological problems such as insomnia, irritability and depression. As well, watching too much TV has been associated with an increase in diabetes and obesity. FOR MY GAME: According to Psychologically, video games can activate the brains pleasure circuits and can cause rapid release of dopamine just as cigarettes do. This is definitely an explanation for why technology is so addictive. Also, we can develop a dopamine release for many types of addictive behaviors like checking your email. Even if you dont actually spend extended periods of mime on your email, you probably think about checking it pretty often. Another reason technology has become an addiction is because we did not have portable computers in the past, and not only portable computers but ones that fit in your pocket and could be carried around wherever you go like we have today. We are now given more opportunities to interact with information at all hours of the day. The temptation that comes with having all that information at hand, just sitting in your pocket often gets in the way. I am sure many of you have sat at a restaurant on your phone completely owned out of whats happening around you.

confucianism influence essays

confucianism influence essays Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, set the patterns of living and standards of social value, and provided the background for Chinese political theories and institutions. It has spread from China to Korea, from Korea to Japan where it was first brought to around the fifth century. Confucius had a great impact on the Chinese civilization. His teachings relating to ethics, honor, social responsibility, familial obligations, ancestor worship, and observation of rites and historical precedence provide the glue that gives the Chinese civilization continuity and durability. Although Confucianism was introduced in Korea before Buddhism, Korean people have their own way to follow and change its ideology of Confucianism. Management of accepting the ideology made unique Korean culture. Although Confucianism is often described as a religion, it is not in the formal sense. Confucius did not write about the gods except to indicate that he accepted the religious beliefs of his day. Neither he nor his followers challenged the existing beliefs in a pantheon of gods and the spirit world, which included the spirits of one's prominent ancestors. The cult of worshipping one's ancestors pre-dates Confucianism. This custom had been formalized under the Zhou dynasty. Princely families had the right to worship their ancestors from the founder of their family line to the present. Secondary families in theory were only supposed to be allowed to worship their last 4 generations of ancestors. The head of the family acted as the high priest of the cult and had the responsibility to see that the ancestors were properly worshipped. Powerful ancestors, like any other spirit, had to be placated because they could still have an impact on the natural world. This practice of worshipping one's ancestors partly explains the strength of the family in Chinese culture. From the earliest stages, Chinese civilization seemed to center around t...

Borons Chemical and Physical Properties

Boron's Chemical and Physical Properties Atomic number: 5Symbol: BAtomic weight: 10.811Electron configuration: [He]2s22p1Word origin: Arabic Buraq; Persian Burah. These are the Arabic and Persian words for borax.Isotopes: Natural boron is 19.78% boron-10 and 80.22% boron-11. B-10 and B-11 are the two stable isotopes of boron. Boron has a total of 11 known isotopes ranging from B-7 to B-17. Properties The melting point of boron is 2079Â °C, its boiling/sublimation point is at 2550Â °C, the specific gravity of crystalline boron is 2.34, the specific gravity of the amorphous form is 2.37, and its valence is 3. Boron has interesting optical properties. The boron mineral ulexite exhibits natural fiberoptic properties. Elemental boron transmits portions of infrared light. At room temperature, it is a poor electrical conductor, but it is a good conductor at high temperatures. Boron is capable of forming stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Boron filaments have high strength, yet are lightweight. The energy band gap of elemental boron is 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of silicon or germanium. Although elemental boron is not considered to be a poison, assimilation of boron compounds has a cumulative toxic effect. Uses Boron compounds are being evaluated for treating arthritis. Boron compounds are used to produce borosilicate glass. Boron nitride is extremely hard, behaves as an electrical insulator, yet conducts heat, and has lubricating properties similar to graphite. Amorphous boron provides a green color in pyrotechnic devices. Boron compounds, such as borax and boric acid, have many uses. Boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, to detect neutrons, and as a shield for nuclear radiation. Sources Boron is not found free in nature, although boron compounds have been known for thousands of years. Boron occurs as borates in borax and colemanite and as orthoboric acid in certain volcanic spring waters. The primary source of boron is the mineral rasorite, also called kernite, which is found in Californias Mojave Desert. Borax deposits are also found in Turkey. High-purity crystalline boron may be obtained by vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or boron tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. Boron trioxide may be heated with magnesium powder to obtain impure or amorphous boron, which is a brownish-black powder. Boron is available commercially at purities of 99.9999%. Quick Facts Element Classification: SemimetalDiscoverer: Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. ThenardDiscovery date: 1808 (England/France)Density (g/cc): 2.34Appearance: Crystalline boron is hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Amorphous boron is a brown powder.Boiling point: 4000 Â °CMelting point: 2075 Â °CAtomic radius (pm): 98Atomic volume (cc/mol): 4.6Covalent radius (pm): 82Ionic radius: 23 (3e)Specific heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 1.025Fusion heat (kJ/mol): 23.60Evaporation heat (kJ/mol): 504.5Debye temperature (K): 1250.00Pauling negativity number: 2.04First ionizing energy (kJ/mol): 800.2Oxidation states: 3Lattice structure: TetragonalLattice constant (Ã…): 8.730Lattice C/A ratio: 0.576CAS number: 7440-42-8 Trivia Boron has the highest boiling point of the semimetalsBoron has the highest melting point of the semimetalsBoron is added to glass to increase its resistance to heat shock. Most chemistry glassware is made from borosilicate glassThe isotope B-10 is a neutron absorber and used in control rods and emergency shutdown systems of nuclear generatorsThe countries Turkey and the United States have the largest reserves of boronBoron is used as a dopant in semiconductor production to make p-type semiconductorsBoron is a component of strong neodymium magnets (Nd2Fe14B magnets)Boron burns bright green in a flame test References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

An Analysis of a Consequentialist Claim in the Dalai Lama Essay

An Analysis of a Consequentialist Claim in the Dalai Lama - Essay Example Issues to do with the rise in population and the advancement of technology are affecting the nature. He says that the environmental disasters being witnessed are due to our irresponsible behavior. Lama gives a case example of Tibet where he grew up and the changes in environment that have undergone in the past years and its consequences (Gyatso 1). According to Lama, Tibet was once a wildlife paradise. The wildlife in Tibet was rarely hunted and hunting only occurred in the remote areas where crops could not be planted. It was a custom for the government officials to make a proclamation on protecting wildlife. He claims that there were no provisions to harm the animals whether on land or in water, in fact, the only animals allowed to do so were the wolves and rats. However, the contribution of hunting in the loss of wildlife is not significant (Gyatso 1). He offers a vivid picture of Tibet when he was young. During his travelling at that time, he used to see a number of species on the way. These species range from mammals to birds. He recalls how he interacted with the animals and other forms of nature (Gyatso 1). The wildlife is long gone and this is due to the loss of habitat and partly due to hunting. Only a small fraction of the habitat remains in Tibet. The forests in Tibet are also gone; he compares the present state of Tibet forest with a clean shaven monk’s head. He says that the solutions lie within us and there is need to fix our behaviors not the environment; technology does not offer most of the solutions (Gyatso 1). The argument of Dalai Lama is valid to some extent. The source of environmental destruction is from the human beings. This is true because most of the activities done by human beings including industrialization affect the environment negatively. Most of the environmental disasters like floods are due to deforestation and the destruction of habitats. Thus, his claim that environmental disasters are due to our irresponsible

Environmental Analysis of the Eden Project Assignment

Environmental Analysis of the Eden Project - Assignment Example Opened to the public in 2001, the project took approximately 30 months to construct and now provides an interesting experience to visitors both domestic and foreign. The Eden Project, based on research findings, is a benchmark by which other organisations can replicate their operational models for the company’s consistent focus on providing relevant services and activities related to their mission and vision goals. PESTEL analysis of Eden Project The Eden Project operates in a stable political environment in which there is ample state-level and local-level support for business development. The Eden Project is even supported by an EU organisation, The European Social Fund Convergence Investment, that has partnered with the local Learning Partnership for Cornwall to deliver sustainable operations and promote training of local workforce members to support the project (Green Foundation 2013; Major 2010). Through government support both domestic and foreign, the Eden Project is abl e to sustain its operational model and achieve a variety of grants that provide adequate funding that assists in procurement, operational strategy development and even the marketing and promotional functions that give the organisation more public visibility and brand recognition. The Eden Project has also been supported by notable political figures ranging from the Queen to Prime Minister Gordon Brown in an effort to promote sustainability and eco-tourism in the country (Eden Project 2008). Political actors with considerable influence in promoting the organisation and also ensuring government funding provide the Eden Project with the marketing benefits and political networking benefits required to ensure long-run operations and sustainability of the company model. Celebrity endorsers often have a positive impact on consumer attitudes and behaviours and utilising the Queen’s endorsements is only one element of how the organisation achieves brand visibility. The economic enviro nment is also quite favourable for continued operations at the Eden Project. Admission prices for adults at the attraction range between ?19.50 and ?23.50, whilst children can enter the attraction for between ?6.50 and ?10.50 (Eden Project 2013). These are rather high prices comparatively to other local attractions, however it guarantees a higher revenue stream for the organisation. The UK is currently experiencing a recovery from the 2008-2010 recession, which is giving consumers higher disposable incomes today (Forex 2012; Reuters 2011). Concurrently, the UK Consumer Price Index has been stable since October of 2013 which represents that inflation is stabilising and currently household consumer income enhancements are rising in a faster proportion to inflation (ONS 2013). This provides an economic environment in which the Eden Project can sustain more consumer interest in disparate market segments without concern about substantial admission price discounting. The ability of consum ers to pay the higher-than-average admission costs to experience a unique attraction provides a stable and positive economic environment for the organisation. The social environment is also favourable for continued consumer interest in the attraction. There is a growing ethical awareness in many consumer groups about the importance of ecology and environmental sustainability that impacts their consumption behaviours.

A comparison of Old Mrs Chundle Essay Example for Free

A comparison of Old Mrs Chundle Essay Old Mrs Chundle is a short story set in a village in southern England. It was written by Thomas Hardy between 1880 and 1890. It is a story of a kind popular at that time, a gripping story which is amusing but also has a character we can sympathise with. It is set against the background of country people to whom religion and the clergymen who represented religion were very important. Clergymen were treated with great respect and people attended church services regularly, with the church activities being a main focus of their lives. This was especially the case in rural communities. A Visit of Charity is a short story set in a very different place, a small town in America in 1949. It concerns the activities of a Campfire Girl, which is a kind of Girl Guide, and the sort of group which middle class girls of that time would join. These girls would take the aims and activities of the Campfire Girls seriously, and the story is about Marian, who is visiting the elderly in order to acquire points. She needs points to obtain a badge. Both stories have a common thread which makes them comparable, although they are so different attitudes to and treatment of the elderly and to charity, in the sense of caring for the elderly. Both concern the interactions between a do- gooder ( Hardys curate) and Weltys Marian) and old ladies (Mrs Chundle and the old ladies in the Home) In Old Mrs Chundle we meet the curate, new to the parish, who wants to create a good impression, certainly to his superiors. He is a refined young man who sketches he thought he would make a little water colour sketch. He does not speak in the dialect of the locals which shows how he is socially above them and more educated than them. He uses patronising phrases such as my good woman. He is not able to understand what makes a person like Mrs Chundle tick, as he does not have any experience. The rector, who is from the same social background as the curate, has learned a few things from experience, and warns the curate you should have left the old woman alone. The curate cannot understand why anyone would lie about going to church. He is not able to cope when things become difficult or messy and he gives up. When the smell of Mrs Chundles oniony breath blasts into his face from the ear trumpet, such a unpleasant incident as could be expected from an elderly person, is outside of the curates ideal world. He is disheartened and discouraged easily when faced with a setback. He immediately plans to back out of helping Mrs Chundle, preferably without telling her. This shows the curate as a rather cowardly person. It would have been better for him to explain to Mrs Chundle that his idea had not worked, and that he would try to think of something else. He only wants to help her in a superficial way in order to promote himself as doing the job as he thinks it should be done. He cannot cope. He avoids going to see Mrs Chundle after the pipe is removed so as not to have to discuss it with her, and by the time he does go, she is dead. He then feels guilty at having let her down and that she thought so highly of him she put him in her Will, and kneels in prayer. However this is only for some minutes, then he rose, brushed the knees of his trousers and walked on. In other words, he brushed Mrs Chundle away. The image of him brushing dust off his trousers is a symbol of brushing away the old lady. However, the death of Mrs Chundle upset him his eyes were wet and Hardy tells us that the curate was a meek young man. The curate stood still thinking, and perhaps he was considering how badly he had handled the situation. Hardy leaves us to wonder whether the curate really does not care about what has happened, or whether during his reflections he has considered better ways of dealing with people in the future. Mrs Chundle is portrayed as an independent and capable old lady she grows and cooks her own food, and runs a comfortable home. She respects the clergy I dont want to eat with my betters. She has never travelled. No one seems to have helped her overcome her deafness and she is pleased by the curates efforts, enough to put him in he Will. Yet she does have neighbours who care about her. The gulf between the social class of Mrs Chundle and the curate is emphasised by the fact that he is never named and she is. Marian, in A Visit of Charity is by contrast a young teenager. She is going to visit some old ladies whom she does not know in a Home, for the purpose of earning Campfire Girl points. She does not really want to do this as she is frightened of what she might find. She only takes a plant to earn an extra point. Her main interest is to get away as quickly as possible- any old lady will do. She probably feels under pressure from the girls in her group to acquire these points, so as to be the same as all the other Campfire Girls. The nurse at the home is impersonal and cold. She is not very responsive to Marion as she has seen Campfire Girls before and knows why they have come. She represents the institution she is dress in white (a cold colour) her hair is like a sea wave (the sea is cold and you can drown in it). The language used in the two stories helps to set the scenes and enable the reader to picture the situations and understand the characters. In A Visit of Charity, the scene is set at the beginning as a very cold day. The American term Campfire Girl shows us that the story is set in America and the description of Marions clothes gives us an idea that the time is late 1940s to 1950s. The atmosphere in the story is cold. The Home is on the outskirts of the town, isolated rather than in the cosy centre. The city is said, ironically, to have beautified the Home with dark prickly shrubs. The author uses the ideas of hot and cold, light and dark to paint a rather grim forboding picture of the Home. The character of the nurse is given formal language, which symbolizes the coldness of the Home. She speaks curtly and strangely formallyAquainted. Instead of do you know or have you met. She refers to the plant by its Latin name multiflora cineraria instead of as a pretty plant. She says Visitor! to the old ladies, as if this was a command instead of an introduction. The nurses speech is short sharp and sparse which is unfriendly. Her mode of speaking adds to our image of the treatment of the old ladies being a time wasting duty or unpleasant job rather than them being treated as people who need care. The two old ladies have a conversation rather in which they repeat what each other say Did not Did so. Pretty flowers they are not pretty. By use of this kind of repetition, there is emphasis on the pointlessness of the conversation, and the pattern of the words, pretty and not pretty draws the readers attention to this. One of the old ladies refers to the plant as stinkweed and the adjective stink could refer to the ladies or to the Home. During the visit, in the old ladies room, Marion has difficulty speaking Marion breathed. She also forgot her own name. Yet a sharp contrast is presented when she leaves the Home to go back into her own world, because she shouts a command to the bus driver wait for me. In the Hardy story, the language often reflects the different age in which the story was written and uses words or constructions which strike us as old fashioned for example, had not been a week passed on his way hither. The curate had a cambric handkerchief. The language used in the speech of Mrs Chundle is strange to us but if read aloud, the patterns reflect her west country dialect. The words given to the curate and to the rector contain only formal language ,similar to the story itself. The language is quite stilted, compared with that in A Visit of Charity, which is more similar to todays language. Hardy conveys the warmth of Mrs Chundle in her dialect, and in the detail of her home a wood fire sounds cosy. Her foods are warm boiled bacon onion stew and they are homely. The rector is put across as a warmer, gentler character than the curate. The rector has been in his job for thirteen years which conveys an older more experience man. He chuckles which softens him compared to the curate. Old Mrs Chundle consists of formal old fashioned English, and speech dialect. A Visit of Charity consists of less formal English, because it is American and was written later. The speech is not in dialect. There is more variety of language in Old Mrs Chundle. The old ladies in A Visit of Charity are portrayed as insane and physically repulsive like a sheep bleating. The Home is horrible. It smells like the interior of a clockThe old ladys hands were claws and one of them screamed. The whole place made Marian feel sick. Eventually Marian escaped through the heavy door. The whole experience made her scared of old people, since these old ladies were presented as being so unpleasant and frightening. The grimness of the Home is conveyed by the imagery of the heavy door through which Marion escapes (as if from a prison). The picture is completed by the prickly plant outside of the heavy door. If the Home were warm and welcoming and a kindly place, the door would have been described as being made of a warm type of wood and there would have been pretty or attractive plants and flowers as a welcoming sign. The imagery of a kind of prison frontage, coupled with the day being cold gives us an impression of the attitudes of the Home. Whilst Mrs Chundle is portrayed as an eccentric deaf old lady, she is shown as real and warm, with a home. She has neighbours and is part of a community. The curate tried to bring her into the church. However, the old ladies in A Visit of Charity are portrayed as mad and disgusting, made more so by their horrible uncaring surroundings and impersonal carers. The two stories show how care of the elderly had changed in the years between when they were written from being respected within a community to being degraded in a Home, and only visited for the visitors motives. At least the curate, although he does not entirely have Mrs Chundles welfare as his main concern, does do something to help her, but nothing is done for the old ladies in the Home. A further contrast between the two stories is shown in the way we are introduced to the elderly people. In Mrs Chundle, our character is referred to by name frequently and she has a charming way of speaking in the west country dialect; dialects often depict warm, simple types of people. In A Visit of Charity the nurse tells Marion there are two in each room and Marion wonders of what are there two. The nurse is actually referring to elderly people but shows by this expression no respect for them. She also does not greet them by name she rudely announces visitor not even explaining who the visitor is. This shows how the old ladies in the Home are regarded with contempt and as of low importance, certainly not as proper human beings. The thoughts of Marion likening some of her experiences in the Home to sheep and bleating enhances the impression conveyed to us of the care or other wise of the elderly ladies. One old lady does refer to her room mate as old Addie but it is not clear whether that really is her name or just ranting on the part of the old lady. These two stories illustrate the giving of charity in different ways. In the Old Mrs Chundle, the curate tries to help the old lady mostly because it is his job, but she is shown as being in a community that cares. Although the efforts of the curate were short lived and perhaps not from purely selfless motives, the neighbours cared for her and she lived in her own home and was happy in her own way. The curate was not really cruel to her and she appreciated him more than he deserved. However, in A Visit of Charity no caring character appears and no character gives anything to the old ladies the nurse is doing a pain job and the girl is gaining points for herself. The old ladies get nothing from these two people. It is probably rare for anybody to totally give of themselves for nothing in return, but in these two stories, the character who gains most is clearly Mrs Chundle. The stories illustrate the fact that the best care and concern comes not from paid workers ( curates or nurses) but from the people in the community (in the Hardy story the neighbours, but they could be family). Care of the elderly in the late nineteenth century rural England and immediately post war America is not really comparable. However, there has been for many years a decline in care in communities and the help of neighbours family or religious organisation and an increase in care from social workers medical workers and paid homes. This is a trend in societies in the western world, where the elderly are increasingly thought of a nuisances (the government does not want to increase the Old Age Pensions as it thinks the money can be better spent, and hospitals do not want to treat old people as some doctors find it more cost effective if the old person dies) rather than as assets to be respected for their knowledge and experience. The contrasts in attitudes to and care of the elderly in the two stories studied reflect these trends.